Pathways of development in minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer (literature review)

Colorectal cancer remains a major oncological challenge. Surgical intervention is a cornerstone of radical treatment, and its progress is closely linked to the adoption and refinement of minimally invasive techniques. This review analyzes three key areas for improving colorectal cancer treatment outcomes: oncological, perioperative, and functional results. It traces the evolution from laparoscopy to robotic and transanal surgery, discussing the advantages and limitations of each method, including data from major randomized trials. Special attention is paid to strategies for reducing anastomotic leak rates, such as intraoperative perfusion assessment with indocyanine green, intracorporeal anastomosis, and minimized specimen extraction incisions. Modern organ-preserving approaches for rectal cancer are also highlighted. Future directions are associated with further miniaturization, the integration of artificial intelligence, smart instruments, and the personalization of surgical care.

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